Written Discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Written Discourse - Essay Example I would like to undertake more research in this area but with a large group of students and over a long period of research but for now I need to complete a simple experiment. Reading and writing are core skills taught and learnt within both first and second language classrooms and one cannot be considered as more important than the other. Reading however appears to have taken precedence over writing in recent years with numerous presentations and papers published in the area. In terms of teaching and learning of writing on the other hand, there appears to be very few papers in journals or presentations at major conferences, at least in South Korea. In light of this deficit this paper will focus on writing methodology and some of the research undertaken within the area in terms of a process approach and a product approach. From research it seems that although we teach writing formally within the classroom it does not naturally develop along a linear path but develops more in a circular or see-saw fashion, which is in line with the process approach. Literature also shows that early learners often develop their writing with the use of models, which adheres to the product approach. The lesson in this unit however, aims to combine the two approaches in an effort to both allow students to use their own initiative, trialing and feedback but at the same time provide a framework from which they can further develop their writing. Following a literature review this paper will present an experimental unit of writing comprising a series of lessons incorporating both process and product methods which was trialed in Korea. Justification for the selected activities used in the unit design will be provided along with reflection and evaluation of the trialed lessons. The â€Å"origins of the traditional product rhetoric are often said to be found in eighteenth-century Common

Life in Pompeii Essay Example for Free

Life in Pompeii Essay The amphitheatre was built in 70bc by the magistrates to provide entertainment for the people of Pompeii. The Pompeii amphitheatre is the oldest surviving amphitheatre in the Roman world. The capacity was 24000 and because seats were numbered, only the most important people of Pompeii would be allowed to sit at the front. The amphitheatre was mainly used for games that lasted a week and were funded by the magistrates. While entering the stadium, the people would salute the important dignitaries. Political Life: The amphitheatre was built by magistrates and events were fully funded by them aswell. Although built for the whole city to enjoy, only special people could sit at the front. Cultural Life: The amphitheatre was made from stone and included a parapet that separated the stand from the arena. The parapet was decorated with frescoes of gladiatorial combat which over time have been lost. Events that were primarily used at the amphitheatre were gladiatorial battles, hunts, and wild beast fights. The Basilica Economic and Political Life: The Basilica was a structure in the Forum where legal and business activities took place. It was built in-between 120bc and 78bc and was 24 by 55 metres in size. The basilica was originally a market but was changed in the first century to become the new law courts Cultural Life: The Basilica was covered by a large, double pitched tiled roof and the entrance had five doors with wooden shutters, the large hall was surrounded by twenty eight ionic columns, 11 metres in height. On the west side, stood a two story structure known as the Tribunal which was guarded by a statue of Augustus. The marbel panels on the side walls were decorated in the first style art and graffiti was found everywhere, not unusual in Pompeii. The Baths: Economic life: Just about everyone except slaves and the poor visited the baths as not only was it a place for cleaning but also a social hub. The baths would be opened at around midday and remained open well into the evening. Most people were accompanied by slaves who assisted them with their cleaning. Political life: Pompeii had four main baths, the forum baths, the stabian baths, the central baths and the amphitheatre baths. The stabian baths were the oldest and biggest baths in Pompeii and date as far back as the early 4th century. The baths has a Apodyterium, a frigidarium, a tepiderium, a caldarium, toilets and the stabian baths featured a swimming pool. Usually the baths were divided between men and women and when this wasn’t the case, men and women would attend the baths at different times. There was however mixed bathing in some places. Cultural Life: Apart from cleaning, at the baths people also enjoyed physical activity and sport at the palestra. There was also massage, music, poetry, reading and business contacts to be made. Graffiti and wall drawings also depicted sexual activity at the baths. Women wore modest clothing and men wore either trunks or bathed naked. The floor was made of square stones and supported brick columns and there was space between the tiles and walls because of the use of the special nipple tiles. The hot air generated from the furnace located at the back of the caldarium would flow up between the tiles and the wall, heating all the rooms. Via Del Abbondanza The Via Dell Abbondanza was the main street of Pompeii and the main business district of the city. The streetscape had a grid like pattern which although was popular in other roman times, was not precisely applied in Pompeii. The street contained stepping stones so that when it had been raining, people didn’t have to walk through sewage. There was enough room between stones for wheeled traffic aswell. Deep groove marks in the roads indicate to us that there was alot of wheeled traffic on the road. There were two different roads, the Decumani and the Cardines. The decumani ran east to west and the cardines ran north to south. On cross roads there were shrines called nymphaea which were water fountains. Via Stabiana: The Via Stabiana stretches from the Porta Stabia to the center of the city. Along this street, on the west side is the Gladiators’ Barracks and the Odeon. There were stepping stones to allow pedestrians to cross the street without stepping into whatever might be in the street itself. Carriages could still travel along the streets, their wheels passing between the stepping stones. On the east are a number of residences and shops, including a bakery with an oven which is seen as a hole in the wall with a large stone above it. Next door is a thermapolium with a counter containing four pottery jars sunk into the counter. Further along on the Via Stabiana is the Domus of Q. Octavius Romulus. Villa of the Papyri: The Villa of the papyri is a large residential complex situated on the slope of Vesuvius in Herculaneum. Judging from the size and value of the house, it can be said that the owner of the house was extremely wealthy. Unlike other ancient roman houses, it had its own water supply which in those days was extreme luxury. It was decorated with statues and columns of Greek influence. Praedia of Julia Felix: Julia Felix was an extremely wealthy woman from Pompeii who inherited her fortune from family. She owned a large estate which was decorated with floral motifs, statues and scenes of the Nile river aswell as a shrine to Isis the Egyptian goddess.

Solving the Mystery in Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles Essays

Solving the Mystery in Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles Sherlock Holmes deduced what was really going on by noting the failure of a dog to bark - thus identifying his master and therefore the murderer in The Hound of the Baskervilles, by Arthur Conan Doyle. Deductive reasoning involves reasoning in which you go from general to specific instances, by using known facts and eliminating improbable situations, and unlikely suspects. By sending Dr. Watson separately from himself, and going to Baskerville Hall in secret, Holmes is able to get two different viewpoints of the situation there, and then later exchange opinions and information with his partner. Watson is at first suspicious of Mr. and Mrs. Barrymore. He hears Mrs. Barrymore sobbing at nights, which puzzles him. One night while Watson and Sir Henry were in the Hall, they observed Mr. Barrymore sending signals through a window using a candle. After extensive questioning Mr. Barrymore and his wife reveal that recently escaped â€Å"Notting Hill Criminal† is really Mrs. Barrymore’s brother, Seld...

Parental Involvement in Education Essay -- Parent Involvement in Educat

Parental involvement in education is a vital essential for creating a cooperative environment for the student to thrive and succeed in. When a student knows that he or she is receiving support both inside and outside the school, the chances of that child becoming responsible for and active in their education are more likely. I know that there can be difficulties including parents for many reasons. Such parents may be too busy, uninterested or just feel helpless. However, as an educator, I will still have an obligation to reach out to these parents and assist them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to start the year off making parental involvement a top priority. Establishing clear and open lines with the parent early in the year lays the foundation for successful communications later. This can be done in many different ways, such as with a phone call, an email, or a letter mailed or sent home via the students. When the first instance of communication is positive, it will aid in setting a positive tone for parental involvement throughout the whole school year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the initial contact, communication should remain constant. Also, remember that if all of the communication is about solving problems, the parent may feel attacked. Therefore, all communication should reflect concerns as well as successes and accomplishments regarding the child. Dialogue between the parent and teacher should be cooperative, helpful, and meaningful. Both p...

The Nurse Managers Role

The nurse manager is vital in creating an environment where nurse-physician collaboration can occur and is the expected norm. It is she, who clarifies the vision of collaboration, sets an example of and practices as a role model for collaboration. The nurse manager also supports and makes necessary changes in the environment to bring together all the elements that are necessary to facilitating effective nurse-physician collaboration. Many authors (Alpert, Goldman, Kilroy, & Pike, 1992; Baggs & Schmitt, 1997; Betts, 1994; Evans, 1994; Evans & Carlson, 1993; Keeman, Cooke, & Hillis, 1998; Jones, 1994) have indicated that nurse-physician collaboration is not widespread and a number of barriers exist. The following will discuss the necessary ingredients for creating a nursing unit that is conducive to nurse-physician collaboration and supported through transformational leadership. The first important barrier according to (Keenan et al. (1998) is concerned with how nurses and physicians have not been socialized to collaborate with each other and do not believe they are expected to do so. Nurse and physicians have traditionally operated under the paradigm of physician dominance and the physician†s viewpoint prevails on patient care issues. Collaboration, on the other hand, involves mutual respect for each other†s opinions as well as possible contributions by the other party in optimizing patient care. Collaboration (Gray, 1989) requires that parties, who see different aspects of a problem, communicate together and constructively explore their differences in search of solutions that go beyond their own limited vision of what is possible. Many researchers have argued (Betts 1994; Evans & Carlson, 1993; Hansen et al. , 1999; Watts et al. , 1995) that nurses and physicians should collaborate to address patient care issues, because consideration of both the professions concerns is important to the development of high quality patient care. Additionally, effective nurse-physician collaboration has been linked to many positive outcomes over the years, all of which are necessary in today†s rapidly changing health care environment. One study by (Baggs & Schmitt, 1997) found several major positive outcomes form nurses and physicians working together, they were described as improving patient care, feeling better in the job, and controlling costs. In another study (Alpert et al. , 1992) also found that collaboration among physicians and nurses led to increased functional status for patients and a decreased time from admission to discharge. Along with improved patient outcomes, nurse-physician collaboration has several other reasons why it has become significant in today†s health care environment. Several examples of which are, as identified by (Jones, 1994) the cost containment effort, changing roles for nurses and physicians, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations focus on total quality management, and emphasis by professional organizations and investigators have focused attention on this area. The challenge of creating an environment for patient care in which collaboration is the norm can be difficult and belongs to the domain of the nurse manager. In order to create a collaborative work environment several conditions must be achieved and several natural barriers to nurse-physician collaboration must be overcome. In creating this environment for collaborative practice, (Evans, 1994) identified several more barriers to overcome. She expresses that the most difficult to overcome is the time-honored tradition of the nurse-physician hierarchy of relationships, which encourages a tendency oward superior-subordinate mentality. Keenan et al. (1998) found that nurses expect the physicians to manage conflict with a dominant/superior attitude. They also found that nurses are oriented towards being passive in conflict situations with physicians. A second barrier to collaboration is a lack of understanding of the scope of each other†s practice, roles, and responsibilities. Evans (1994) feels that one cannot appreciate the contribution of another individual if one has only limited understanding of the dimensions of that individual†s practice. It is equally true that appreciation of one†s own contribution is blurred if the understanding of one†s own role is limited. A third constraint to collaborative practice might be related to this perceived constraint on effective communication. Although there might be individual differences causing restraint in communication, the organizational and bureaucratic hierarchies of most hospitals hinders lines of communication. Several final factors cited by (Evans, 1994) as barriers to collaborative practice include immaturity of both physician and nurse groups, coupled with unassertive nurse behavior and aggressive physician behaviors. Factors that promoted collaboration between nurse and physicians were identified by (Keenan et al, 1998). She explained that nurse education was sighted as one of the most outstanding variables that promoted collaboration. The more educated a nurse was the more likely they were to take action in disagreements with physicians. Additionally, when nurses expected physicians to collaborate and to not exhibit strong aggressive behaviors or controversial styles, they were more likely to approach and discuss patient conditions with them. Researchers also found that male nurse were more likely than female nurses to confront physicians and not avoid dominant or aggressive behavior. Expectations for physicians to collaborate and to not handle situations aggressively appeared to be a stronger predictor of nurse-physician collaboration than any expected normative beliefs. The first step a nurse manager should take in the process of achieving a practice environment that facilitates collaboration is to conduct an assessment of the presence or absence of barriers leading to collaborative practice. According to (Evans, 1994), the environmental and role variables to assess include role identification and the professional maturity of both the nurses and physicians, communication patterns, and the flexibility of the organizational structure. By assessing the work environment for barriers and facilitators to collaborative practice, the nurse manager can achieve a general idea of how ready the unit is to begin a collaborative practice. The next step would be to plan an effective way to initiate a collaborative practice model of delivering health care on the unit. This can be done by establishing what is called a Joint Practice Committee, and including nurses and physicians to be a part of this work group. Its purpose would be to examine the needs assessment results of the unit†s readiness for collaborative practice, designing, implementing, and evaluating the process of transforming the unit. This step is an integral part of the process of establishing a collaborative practice and was identified by the National Joint Practice Commission (NJPC) as a necessary element in the process. The NJPC began in 1971 and the commission was dissolved in 1981. The commission†s work resulted in the publication of guidelines for collaborative practice in hospitals. The NJPC defines a joint-practice committee with a composition of equal number of nurses and physicians who monitor the inter-professional relationships and recommend appropriate strategies to support and maintain those relationships. The NJPC identifies four other structural elements necessary for a collaborative practice as primary nursing, integrated patient care records, joint patient care reviews, and emphasis on and support of nurse independent clinical decision making. These elements are an important cornerstone for creating a successful collaborative practice unit. In addition, several other factors have been identified by the NJPC as beneficial to maintaining an effective support systems when developing a collaborative practice such as appropriate staffing, committed medical leadership, standardized clinical protocols, and most importantly communication. Although a successful collaborative practice model has is a planned event. According to (Evans, 1994), it is important to realize that a collaborative relationship cannot be legislated, dictated, or mandated by anyone. It must be agreed upon and accepted by individuals who share responsibility for patient care outcomes. The third step in the process would be to empower the nursing staff with beliefs that fulfill their higher order of needs such as achievement, self-actualization, concern for others, and affiliation. Because of nursings normative behavior as passive, caring, and subservient the staff must learn to overcome expectations to identify with this role expectation. The nurse manager must support, coach, and instill a sense of empowerment into her staff in order for them to depart from those stereotypes. The idea is to fill the nursing staff with a sense of self-confidence and to lose thoughts of self-doubt, inequality, and subservience. To implement this new paradigm of nurse empowerment can be a challenge for the nurse manager within any typical hospital beaurocracy. That is why it is important to choose the correct style of leadership to guide the staff through this process of empowering or transforming. The leadership model best suited for this type of task and the most congruent with empowerment is the transformational model. Transformational leadership is a process in which leaders seek to shape and alter the goals of followers. Cassidy & Koroll (1994) describe the process as incorporating the dimensions of leader, follower, and situation. The leader motivates followers by identifying and clarifying motives, values, and goals that contribute to enhancing shared leadership and autonomy. Transformational leaders are usually charismatic so they enhance energy and drive people towards a common vision and shifting the focus of control from leaders to followers. It is the transformational nurse manager that will be able to empower her workers to facilitate nurse-physician collaboration, for the common good of the patient. The nurse manager using transformational leadership would set the direction for the rest of the unit to follow. She would be able to charismatically appeal to the medical staff as well as the nursing staff and create collaboration beyond the daily frustrations of arguing about to which domain a certain patient care issues belong. Further more the nurse manager would have to work hard at decreasing the seeds of distrust and disrespect that have been planted between our colleagues in medicine, and vice versa with nursing. Corley (1998) described several behaviors that the transformation nurse manager would need to exhibit in supporting her staff in such a role transition. The behaviors are as follows: stimulate creativity, establish an environment that facilitates team work and learning, implement change, motivate staff to assume increased responsibility, help develop employees† awareness of organizational goals, delegate responsibility appropriately, communicate openly and directly with staff, and collaborate with peers. The significance of these behaviors in facilitating empowerment is seen as fundamental to creating collaborative practice environment. The final step in the process is to evaluate its effectiveness. In order to provide a clear and concise evaluation of the collaborative process one must look at all structural elements and all indicators of collaboration as previously discussed. Once accurate measures are identified and assessed the collaborative practice committee can discuss their outcomes and effectiveness. Over time, nurses and physicians may be able to articulate more clearly the changes in their practice and beliefs that have been affected by collaborating on patient care. Several of these key areas to examine would be: length of stay, patient and provider satisfaction, number of return visits, and changes in supply costs. Improvements in any of these areas could be due to favorable results from collaborative practice between nurses and physicians. In conclusion, many problems related to nurse physician collaboration are typically blamed on physicians. However the reality is that many of the barriers can be traced back to nursing as well. Collaboration is a process by which members of various disciplines share their expertise. Accomplishing this requires that these individuals understand and appreciate what it is that each professional domain contributes to the â€Å"whole†. The nurse manger plays a pivotal role in establishing an environment that is conducive to collaboration among the disciplines. Although it is a difficult road to follow the benefits of an effective collaborative unit out-weigh the difficulties of establishing such a practice. However, the nurse manager has an excellent vehicle for which to begin her journey and that is the use of transformation leadership, an empowering tool for change.

Cultural and Ethnic Studies Research Paper Guide

Cultural and Ethnic Studies Research Paper Guide A research paper is a piece of academic writing that is based on the writer’s research topic and the analysis and interpretation of the findings that are acquired during the research. A research paper is a long piece of writing that explains the chosen topic of discussion broadly. Notably, it goes into details about every aspect of the paper and requires hard work and determination; however, it is important to note that it is not impossible to do. Having a positive mindset when writing the paper will ensure you produce high-quality work. Provided below are guidelines to show the way you can write a research paper on cultural and ethnic studies easily and coherently. You take several issues into account when writing a research paper in cultural and ethnic studies. These items include various steps that you should take into consideration when writing a research paper in cultural and ethnic studies. These steps one should follow when writing a research paper in cultural and ethnic studies include: Choosing the Research Paper Topic with Our Experts’ Advice Choose a topic that interests you and at the same time challenges you. Your attitude towards the topic will determine the dedication and enthusiasm that you will portray in doing the work. Before you start writing the research paper on cultural and ethnic studies go to your professor to know what he or she wants you to address in the paper. If you encounter any difficulty in identifying the chosen research topic reread your work and you can seek clarification from your tutor. Settle for a subject matter that you can handle. Avoid subject matters that are too technical or specialized. Avoid topics that have a narrow range of sources to acquire information. Examples of topics you can write about include: What is unique about the African culture; Explore the six major early civilizations; What is the importance of understanding the gender pay gap; Examine the difference between history, anthropology, and ethnohistory; Discuss the meaning to assimilation into a society. Finding Information Information on cultural and ethnic studies is found in various places. You can decide to incorporate primary, secondary, and tertiary sources to complete the assignment. To obtain general or background information, check out useful URLs, general information online, almanacs or encyclopedias online such as Britannica. Use search engines and other search tools as a starting point. Pay attention to domain name extensions, such as, .edu (educational institution), .gov (government), or .org (non-profit organization). These sites represent institutions and tend to be more reliable but be watchful of possible political bias in some government sites. Be selective of .com (commercial) sites. Many .com sites are excellent; however, a large number of them contain advertisements for products and do not offer useful information. Network solutions provide a link where you can find out what some of the other extensions stand for. Be wary of the millions of personal home pages on the internet. The q uality of these personal homepages varies greatly; thus, learning how to evaluate websites critically and to search for information on the Internet can help you eliminate irrelevant sites and waste less of your time. You can also find information from: encyclopedias and dictionaries government publications, guides, reports magazines, newspapers, vertical files, yellow pages, zip or postal code and telephone directories, using online libraries. Check out online resources, web-based information services, or special resource materials on CDs: Online reference materials (including databases, such as SIRS, ProQuest, eLibrary, among others), Google Scholar, Wall Street Executive Library, index to periodicals and newspapers (such as MagPortal.com, OnlineNewspapers.com, among others), Answers.com – an online dictionary and encyclopedia all-in-one resource that you can install on your computer free of charge and find one-click answers quickly, Encyclopedias (such as Britannica, Canadian Encyclopedia, among others), magazines and journals, newspapers international public library, subject specific software. Thesis Statement What It Entails Draft a statement that presents your basic argument based on the ideas you have collected from the analyzed sources and which you are sure to support with scholarly evidence. Since you are likely to take a stand on one side of the chosen argument and ideas, consider the other side of the argument as the counterclaims helps in refining the thesis statement; this strategy is more effective when writing an argumentative type of essay. A thesis statement should be provided early in your paper, namely in the introduction part, or in the second paragraph, if your paper is longer. It is impossible to create a thesis statement immediately when you have just started fulfilling your assignment. Before you write a thesis statement, you should collect, organize, and analyze materials and your ideas. You cannot make a formulated statement before you have completed your research paper as it is expected to change as you develop your ideas. Stay away from generic and fuzzy statements and arguments. Use a particular subject. The paper should present something new to the audience to make it interesting and educative to read. Avoid citing other authors in this section. Present ideas in your own words instead of simply copying from other writers. A thesis statement should do the following: explain to the readers the way you interpret the subject of the research, tell the readers what to expect from your paper, answer the question you were asked, present your claim, which other people may want to dispute. Your thesis statement should be strong and meet some conditions which comprise of; Can my position be disputed or opposed? If not, maybe you have just provided a summary instead of creating an argument. Is my statement precise enough? It should not be too general and vague. Does it pass a so-called â€Å"so what† test? Does it provide interesting information to your audience or does it simply state a generic fact? Does the body of my manuscript support my thesis, or are they different things? Compare them and change them if necessary. Remember that changing elements of your work in the process of writing and reviewing is normal. A well-prepared thesis means you have well-shaped ideas and it increases the credibility of the paper and makes a good impression about its author A Research Paper Outline A cultural and ethnic studies research paper can be persuasive, informative, or argumentative. Regardless of the type and purpose, the paper’s structure should be well-organized, clear, and logical. The outline should include the following points: Cover page with all the details about the author and work under discussion a student’s name, course, date, topic title. However, this essential part of a research paper (and it is really important as most readers do judge a research paper by its cover page) can be written in different ways. The formatting style (APA, MLA, Harvard or Chicago) dictates how a cover page looks. Examine the style cover page requirements attentively before the final editing of your research paper. Abstract written on at least half a page to outline the research paper briefly its content, significance. All the main ideas in the research paper are summarized in this part so that the reader will be aware of what he/she is going to read. As a matter of convenience while searching for a particular paper, the keywords list is included in this part as well. Introduction is the first part of a research paper where you state the research issue and provide the theoretical framework. In other words, your task is to give an overview of the research topic based on: A statement of the paper’s topic, aims and objectives, and main research questions you’ll answer later, The background information about a specific cultural and ethnic studies topic in the context that represents the paper’s key points, A relevant literature review on the subject of a research paper, The definition of key terms specific to the cultural and ethnic studies discourses (if necessary). Body is the main part where you as a researcher should present an in-depth analysis of the research paper’s topic. The more information you provide about the paper’s topic, the more profound understanding of the of the cultural and ethnic issue the reader will have. Mind it! But this information must be well-structured, and all the parts must be logically complete. Indeed, there is no permanent limitation dictating the aspects to be discussed or the manner in which they should be analyzed. However, try to present the key ideas supporting your thesis statement to the fullest extent. Point out at least 3 main research ideas you’d like to explore in your paper. Then choose some supporting subpoints in the form of relevant details or examples surveys, case studies, reports, etc. Underpin each idea with the help of reliable sources of information. Besides, you shouldn’t forget about the important elements of the body section: Sections and subsections that represent the main research ideas. Each idea or argument should be written in one physical paragraph. Remember a single sentence does not make any sense to a paragraph. Broaden it through supporting evidence. Topic sentences that specify the direction of your thoughts in each paragraph. It is important to connect the paper paragraphs smoothly with the help of linking words. In-text citations that provide evidence for your arguments. For that reason, you should research the existing literature on the cultural and ethnic studies topic pertinent to your research paper. You can’t go without this part of work referencing to the trustful information sources. Conclusion is similar to your introduction but paraphrased a little bit according to the performed research what is investigated, in what way it is done and what is found during the research process. The conclusion should restate your thesis and summarize your main points of evidence for the reader. You should restate the topic briefly, explain why it is important, and ensure that it is concise and clear. Rewrite the thesis statement because it should not appear or sound exactly as the one provided in the introduction. If possible, it should be narrowed and focused on your cultural and ethnic studies topic. Organize Your Notes Organize all the information you have gathered according to your outline. Critically analyze your research data. Using the best available sources, check for accuracy and verify that the information is factual, up-to-date, and correct. Opposing views should also be noted if they help to support your thesis. This is the most important stage in writing a research paper. In this stage, you will analyze, synthesize, sort, and digest the information you have gathered and hopefully learn something about your topic, which is the real purpose of doing a research paper. You must be able to effectively communicate your thoughts, ideas, insights, and research findings to others through written words as in a report, an essay, a research or term paper, or through spoken words as in an oral or multimedia presentation with audio-visual aids. Summarize, paraphrase or quote directly for each idea you plan to use in your essay. Use a technique that suits you, for example, write summaries, paraphrases, or quotations on note cards, or separate sheets of lined paper. Mark each card or sheet of paper clearly with your outline code or reference. Put all your note cards or paper in the order of your outline. Before you know it, you have a well-organized research paper completed exactly as outlined. If it is helpful to you, use a symbol such as â€Å"#† to mark the spot where you would like to check back later to edit a paragraph. The unusual symbol will make it easy for you to find the exact location that needs modification. Delete the symbol once editing is completed. Post-Writing Tips That It Is Better to Follow Rather Than Ignoring Them Proofread a research paper thoroughly. Your research paper is not complete yet if you don’t proofread it several times. Keep your head up! Your final score depends on the way your research paper is written in. If there are some mistakes in spelling, grammar or syntax, will it be highly appreciated? It is understood that it is impossible. But you can increase your chances to get high marks only if you correct grammar, sentence structure, and some content errors. Don’t hope to cope with the task at a go during the first proofreading attempt! Yes. it is true that you can correct some grammatical errors and sentence structure mistakes through the digital tools available to you today. But as for incoherency, it is the human responsibility, not a machines’ one. Reread the paper twice or thrice to check if the paper content is free of any misunderstanding. Cross out incoherent parts of the text. On the second reading attempt, read the paper aloud to check the correctnes s of the sentence structures. Remember about the subject-verb agreement? Follow all the rules in structuring your sentences and paragraphs. Edit a research paper according to the required formatting style (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago). You can follow the main style requirements while writing a research paper. But double check if everything is edited as required by guidelines. It may happen that students make some editing mistakes writing in a hurry and get lazy to check the formatting, â€Å"I’ve done the best in my research paper!† Nobody is sceptical about your editing skills. Be detail-oriented in your research paper as the detail such as the correctly-cited sources add the credibility to your paper. Don’t neglect this point!

Preparing for the Revised GRE in One Month

Preparing for the Revised GRE in One Month Youre ready to go. Youve registered for the Revised GRE and now you have a month before you take the exam. What should you do first? How do you prepare for the GRE in one month when you dont want to hire a tutor or take a class? Listen. You dont have too much time, but thank goodness youre preparing for a test one month in advance and didnt wait until you only had a few weeks or even days. If youre preparing for a test of this kind of magnitude, read on for a study schedule to help you get a good GRE score! Preparing for the GRE in One Month: Week 1 Double Check: Make sure your GRE registration is 100% all set to be sure youre actually registered for the Revised GRE. Youd be amazed how many people think theyre taking the test when theyre not.Purchase A Test Prep Book: Buy a comprehensive GRE test prep book from a well-known test prep company like The Princeton Review, Kaplan, PowerScore, etc. GRE apps are great and all (here are some fabulous GRE apps!), but typically, they are not as comprehensive as a book. Heres a list of some of the best.Jump Into the Basics: Read the Revised GRE test basics like the length of time youll test, the GRE scores you can expect, and the test sections.Get a Baseline Score:Â  Take one of the full-length practice tests inside the book (or for free online through ETSs PowerPrep II Software) to see what score youd get if you took the test today. After testing, determine the weakest, middle, and strongest of the three sections (Verbal, Quantitative or Analytical Writing) according to your baseline tes t. Set Your Schedule: Map out your time with a time management chart to see where GRE test prep can fit in. Rearrange your schedule if necessary to accommodate test prep, because you must aim to study every day – you only have one month to prepare! Preparing for the GRE in One Month: Week 2 Start Where Youre Weak: Begin coursework with your weakest subject (#1) as demonstrated by the baseline score.Nab The Basics: Learn the basics of this section fully as you read, and take notes about the types of questions asked, the amount of time needed per question, skills required, and content knowledge tested.Dive In: Answer #1 practice questions, reviewing answers after each one. Determine where youre making mistakes. Highlight those areas to return to.Test Yourself: Take a practice test on #1 to determine your level of improvement from the baseline score.Tweak #1: Fine tune #1 by reviewing the areas you highlighted and questions missed on the practice test. Practice this section until you have the strategies cold. Preparing for the GRE in One Month: Week 3 Head to Middle Ground: Move on to your middle subject (#2) as demonstrated by the baseline score.Nab The Basics: Learn the basics of this section fully as you read, and take notes about the types of questions asked, the amount of time needed per question, skills required, and content knowledge tested.Dive In: Answer #2 practice questions, reviewing answers after each one. Determine where youre making mistakes. Highlight those areas to return to.Test Yourself: Take a practice test on #2 to determine your level of improvement from the baseline score.Tweak #2: Fine tune #2 by reviewing the areas you highlighted and questions missed on the practice test. Return to the areas in the text youre still struggling with.Strength Training: Move on to the strongest subject (#3). Learn the basics of this section fully as you read, and take notes about the types of questions asked, the amount of time needed per question, skills required, and content knowledge tested.Dive In: Answer practice questio ns on #3. Test Yourself: Take a practice test on #3 to determine the level of improvement from baseline.Tweak #3: Fine tune #3 if necessary. Preparing for the GRE in One Month: Week 4 Simulate The GRE: Take a full-length practice GRE test, simulating the testing environment as much as possible with time constraints, desk, limited breaks, etc.Score and Review: Grade your practice test and cross-check every wrong answer with the explanation for your wrong answer. Determine the types of questions youre missing and head back to the book to see what you need to do to improve.Test Again: Take one more full-length practice test and rescore. Review incorrect answers.Fuel Your Body: Eat some brain food – studies prove that if you take care of your body, you’ll test smarter!Rest: Get plenty of sleep this week.Relax: Plan a fun evening the night before the exam to reduce your testing anxiety.Prep Prior: Pack your testing supplies the night before: sharpened #2 pencils with a soft eraser, registration ticket, photo ID, watch, snacks or drinks for breaks.Breathe: You did it! You studied successfully for the Revised GRE exam, and youre as ready as youre going to b e!

How to Manage Studying and Sports

How to Manage Studying and Sports If you are a college athlete, no matter which sport you participate in you will face one common hurdle balancing training commitments with your studies. If you are a scholarship student then learning how to manage studying and sports is even more important since you are likely to have a minimum grade you are required to maintain in order to keep your scholarship! Even if you are not on a team, and just like to participate in sports or fitness on a casual basis, it can also be tough to find the right balance. That’s why we have put together this collection of helpful tips and techniques to help you learn how to manage studying and sports. Study Tips for Athletes These handy hints are going to help athletes learn how to manage studying and sports so that they can maintain good grades while still performing well in their chosen sporting activity. Get a Planner Stay Organized One of the best tips we can offer when it comes to learning how to manage studying and sports is to get a planner and learn to stay organized. You will be issued with a list of practice sessions and games or tournaments early on in the season. Mark all of these into your planner straight away. Add in study commitments such as homework assignments and exams as you are given the details. You will be able to see immediately if there is a clash. If you notice that an important assignment is due the day after a big game, then that is your cue to get started early. Finish the assignment before the game and you will have one less thing to stress over! Learn How to Manage Your Time Effectively Following on from making use of a planner is managing your time more effectively. You already know school hours, game times and practice times, so those are automatically blocked off already. Marking this in your calendar or planner helps you to see how much time you actually have for studying and other leisure activities allowing you to plan more effectively. Make Good Use of Travel Time As an athlete, it is likely that you will have to travel to away games and tournaments. It could be just one town over, or it could be out of state. Make the most of this time by using it to study. Pack some revision notes or textbooks to catch up on your reading on the bus! If you are going to be staying away overnight then bring some homework to do at your hotel. It is easy to see these trips as downtime or vacation, but if you gather a group of like minded teammates together who also want to study, then it is a great opportunity to stay on top of your school work. Ask About Supported Study Programs Sports teams want their athletes to do well academically. Many of them will have study support available in the form of tutors or study groups for any athlete struggling to balance study and sport. Ask if there is any help available to you and make use of it. That is why these programs are in place, so don’t be afraid to use them! Don’t Treat Sport Like Work Playing sports has an overall benefit to your mental, physical and emotional health. It gives you a healthy outlet for the pressures of studying as you get to do something you love. However, if you begin to see sport as a chore rather than a fun activity it stops serving those purposes. Never lose sight of the fact that your studies are the real work here and sport is your outlet. If you keep that in mind you may just find that they both help each other! General Tips for Managing Studying Sports These are more general tips for learning how to manage studying and sports. They can be used by athletes, but are also great for the the casual sports enthusiast just trying to find the right balance. Listen to Audio Books or Lectures at the Gym or Out Jogging If you are hitting the gym for a couple of hours, or maybe heading out for a run on the track you probably listen to music. Why not switch it up and use that time to listen to audiobook versions of your set texts or recordings of lecture notes? It’s a great way to catch up on reading and you will be surprised at how much sinks in! Workout At Your Desk You can actually fit in a workout while sitting at your desk! Chair squats are a great way to work all of the major muscle groups in your lower body! While working on your paper, stand at your desk with your feet flat on the floor. Keep your back straight and press down with your heels, squatting until your butt is an inch above the chair. Hold for 10 seconds then sit back down. Repeat this around 20 times at regular intervals. Not only will you work your muscles, but you are also elevating your heart rate and engaging your core. Set Realistic Goals Studying at college is stressful as it is without spreading yourself too thinly. It is great to want to incorporate sport into your daily routine, but be realistic. Can you really commit to a 6am run every single day or a workout session at the gym every evening? The answer is probably not! Schedule in time for your sporting activities just like you would study sessions. Think about the time available to you and use it wisely. If sport becomes a chore you will start to fall out of love with it , so stick to once or twice a week. In conclusion, there are a variety of techniques that can be utilized in order to manage studying and sports. Regardless of whether you are an athlete trying to meet your scholarship requirements, or just a sports enthusiast looking to balance fitness and study, these tips are a great place to start. Choose the ones that are going to work for you and adapt others to meet your individual needs. Maybe reading this list will even inspire you to come up with your own techniques for how to manage studying and sports?

Anne Bradford Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anne Bradford - Thesis Example In this paper, two of the main works of Anne Bradstreet, which include ‘The prologue’ and ‘To My Dear and Loving Husband’, will be compared in order to get a better understanding of how she integrated the use of two voices in her poetry. The Prologue is one of such poems of Bradstreet, which reveals the mindset of the people of the 17th century. Rich states, â€Å"Seventeenth-century Puritan life was perhaps the most self-conscious ever lived in its requirements of the individual understanding† (x). In the poem, Bradstreet acknowledges the passive role of women in the society. She seems to be revealing that women are not considered equal to men and are subjected to remain at homes in order to take care of their husbands and children. She says that women are not given opportunities to play an active role in the society. In the poem, Bradstreet acknowledges the fact that men always do best for their families. On the other hand, she thinks that the society do not consider women capable of taking difficult decisions. She does not seem to be happy with the mindset of the society and wants women to be more social along with playing traditional roles in their families. In the first half of the poem, Bradstreet describes the passive role of women in the society whereas in the second half, she tries to make people aware of the fact that women also can do good for their families not only by remaining at homes but also as working women. She shows her anger at the mindset of people. She wants women to be treated fairly in the society. She tries to educate people that women are also intelligent and talented and can perform hard duties of life perfectly. She acknowledges men’s role in the society and claims that women can also play a productive role. Bradstreet states in her poem, â€Å"Men can do best, and Women know it well. Preeminence in all and each is yours; Yet grant some small acknowledgement of ours† (40-42).

Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethnography - Essay Example An understanding of the Kabre is necessary because it enlightens and opens up new and different perspectives that will aid in the determination of what shaped their culture. The villages of modern Kabre in West Africa appear to be very remote. They are based in northern Togo and possess all of the classic notions an individual has about a remote village of African culture. Remote in the sense they exist on subsistence farming have straw roofs on their houses and perform rituals to the spirits. They appear to be very simple people living very simple lives. Piot's argument is that this village life is in fact and effect of the modern and the global. Piot's tenets require further contemplation and support and that will be the basis for this discussion. In his ethnography, Piot proposes, "Kabre culture is shaped as much by colonial and postcolonial history as by anything "indigenous" or local." (1999) He supports his premise by analyzing the daily practices of the Kabre villagers. These daily practices encompassed both their social; and ceremonial activities. He used this analysis to compare modernity with traditional activities of the Kabre villagers. In his observations and analysis, Piot shows how the Kabre villagers have blended tradition with moderninity. ... To iterate his point Piot gives the example using the president of Togo's Kabre. The president regularly uses a helicopter to fly to this region to witness male initiation ceremonies. This is clearly an example of a traditional ceremony of male ritual and the president's use of a helicopter for transportation is clearly an indication of moderninity. Piot's example describes the appropriation of tradition at the state level and describes many other examples similar to this to add credence to his premise. Piot profoundly illustrates how Kabre is a culture shaped by both a modern world and one of tradition. His tenets at some points confuse anthropological theorizations and the State Department's stereotyped images of African village life, However by doing this he reiterates what he postulates about the Kabre because they are a perplexing combination of all of these. Piot's objective was to show how "Euroamerican theories that fail to come to terms with the fluidity of everyday relations in a society where persons and things are forever in motion." (The University of Chicago Press 2004) Tradition and Modernity: It could be argued that Piot's observations occur in every culture across the globe. An example of this would be the Roman Catholic Religion. The religion dates back for centuries and the ceremonies practiced by the Roman Catholics are very true to tradition. This same premise could include Orthodox Jews and a plethora of other religions and the ceremonies performed by the worshippers. However, although moderninity is very a part of a Roman Catholic's life they are not viewed as rural or indigenous people that simply adhere to tradition when they practice their religion. Whereas Piot's observation saw these people as a more complex

Analyse the difference between Economic Growth & Economic Development Essay

Analyse the difference between Economic Growth & Economic Development. What are the problems concerning measuring economic development Illustrate your answer using case studies - Essay Example Economic development is determined by the quality of life that the population enjoys due to the improvement of the various aspects life. This improvement can cause the region to realize economic growth. Economic growth, however, has a much narrower outlook of than economic development, in that; it refers to the increase in the value of products from the various sectors involved in the economy of a nation. The growth is usually expressed using the Gross Domestic Product GDP. When economic growth is realized in a region, it is not guaranteed that this growth will result in development. Another significant difference apart from the definition of the two terms is that, economic growth takes one dimension in that it is centered on increasing the GDP of a region. This is, however, different in economic development, since the latter involves a wider approach in that it is involved in the income created in the population and the improvement of the quality of life of individuals, since social amenities and structures are also improved (Capello and Nijkamp, 2008, 173). This will result in a positive effect in the lives of the population. Economic growth, however, is narrower in that growth will not necessarily have a positive impact on the population. The two phenomena are also different in that economic growth is quantitative. This is so since the phenomenon mostly deals with numbers in that the growth is translated by the figures and percentages. Economic development in contrast is measured in the quality since the development is translated to the improved livelihoods of the population. Economic development is, therefore, measured qualitatively (Arestis and Thirlwall, 2006, 109). Another noteworthy variation between the two is that economic development is irregular and spontaneous. It causes changes in the equilibrium that is

ITM501 MoD 3 Case the internet as social media Essay

ITM501 MoD 3 Case the internet as social media - Essay Example Social network is a very useful tool for advertisement in our era. Social media is a virtual network where people can view, create and share different information. For marketers, social media is the most convenient way to reach maximum number of customers at the same time. As people can share their ideas and opinions via social media, the company has an opportunity to get feedback from social media. Social media is different from other traditional media in terms of reach, frequency, performance, immediacy. With the change in lifestyle, social media has gained popularity among individuals, especially among the young, as it is very fast. In our case it will be discussed how far social media is able to provide business with new information. Impact on information availability to business: use of social media The case of Dave Carroll and the incident with his musical instrument, a guitar, during his flight from Toronto to Nebraska with the United Airline brings to our attention the effect iveness of social media in providing useful and new information related to the business houses. The United Airlines, being a Fortune 25 company, did not take heed of the concerns of the young musician, Dave Carroll. The United Airlines ignored his claim that his guitar was damaged and devalued by the United Airlines personnel during the journey as a result of mishandling of his guitar and baggage. In order to make his point and gain support against the airline giant, the slender musician used the social media on the Internet to make a viral response with the support of billions in the community (Al-Deen &   Hendricks, 2011). The social media on the Internet uses its unique features of connectivity as well as immediacy to reach out to millions of members in the community very easily through videos, public messages, etc. Social media has a rippling effect in terms of spreading the message across the communities and making new and useful information available to the companies (Sigala ,  Christou, &  Gretzel, 2012). In this case, the preparation of the video by the musician, which cost hardly $200 helped him to send the message of his dissatisfaction with the customer service provided by the United Airlines (Harvard Business School, 2010). The information spread like a virus, and it easily reached the top of the management of the United Airlines. This information is of extremely high value to the United Airlines as it is publicly available and, along with it, the image and goodwill of the company is affected. Thus the availability of the information in social media creates an impression in the minds of the customers and impacts the interest levels of the consumers to access the services of the company (Kerpen, 2011). In this case, the availability of the information from Dave Carroll and the entire description of the event of breaking of his guitar were displayed by the musician on YouTube. This information reached very easily the management, and this helped the top management to limit the risk of loss of goodwill and the loss of revenues due to reduction in the customer base. There are, however, various other alternatives where the information on the operations, customer service and customer grievance is readily available to the business. This helps the companies to assess the value of brand image in the market and the acceptability of its services

Internet Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet Marketing - Essay Example There is no way I am not taking advantage of this new offer not in a million years and since the offer has a limited timeline, there is no time to shower. Even if I wanted to shower, I have no bath wash and I have to remember to pick that up after the coffee. Since the coffee shop is only a few blocks from my house, I just leave in my sweats and hope to not be late. On my way out I grab something I never leave the house without (besides my smartphone that is) and this is the google glass. The google glass is the best invention so far and I adore them. I have several reasons for that the first being that I get to take photos and record videos of funny occurrences and events on my way to the coffee shop without attracting the attention of people and hence little chances of being caught doing so. These pictures and videos I later share with my friends on facebook and instagram and we have a laugh about. It is also easier for me to get directions from my google glass and especially when my hands are full like they are about to be once I get my steaming hot coffee and free donut. Believe or not I actually work and not spend all my time playing with my tech toys or on social media. I therefore catch up with my work as I walk along the streets shopping, when waiting to meet my friends or potential clients or investors physically among other times. I ask my google glass to tell me how long it will take me to reach the coffee shop and it displays 3 min. In three minutes I will have gone through the urgent emails that I see are notified and alerting me as urgent. Flipping through this image without actually failing to continue walking is the best thing ever as I get to multitask while walking the streets without safety fear. A text message from my phone interrupts my email reading and it is reminder that I have arrived at the coffee house. This text message alert on my location is another great invention for the

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project Management - Assignment Example The parties involved hereto acting with appropriate authority by their related firms. [Client name]  [agency information  Company name Company name Full name Full name Title Title Signature Signature Date Date Assignment 2 An Invitation for Bid (IFB) is a request made when submitting a bid to provide certain services or goods in order to fulfill a bid that a firm has identified. RFP is converted to an IFB when there is a considering the lowest price in making an award. Moreover, it is usually done when the services and goods are fairly simple and also when the need is standard. In converting RFP to IFB requirements would need to be adjusted then the government and the contractors will submit their offers again. Moreover, the other evaluation factors that were in the RFP would be removed. Assignment 3 contracts and procurement (supply bid for popcorns) Submitted by: Milano Suppliers Ltd. Street City, State, Zip Type of Business: good suppliers Title of Proposal: bid to supply popc orn kernels Proposed Amount: 30cts per pound of kernel Period of Performance: over 5 years Business Point of Contact: Name Telephone No. e-mail address Our clients include: Name Telephone No. e-mail address Name Telephone No. e-mail address Name Telephone No. ... with—the submission of this data, Puffy Pop shall have the right to duplicate, use, or disclose the data to the extent provided in the resulting contract. This restriction does not limit Puffy Pop's right to use information contained in this data if it is obtained from another source without restriction. Assignment 4 contracts and procurement A fixed price contract will be effective for the order of a pencil manufacturer to produce 20 000 pencils. This is because the product can be explicitly defined as there is enough data to accurately calculate approximately the cost. Moreover, the requirement for the order is well defined and the contractors have vast experience in ensuring the order is met. Therefore, the financial risks are insignificant. Cost plus contracts will be effective in the other three contracts. In the construction of a 300-meter bridge a cost plus contract is suitable due the risks attached to it. The contract is characterized by uncertain labor hours and spec ulative material required in the construction of the bridge. The design of a circuit board and the small factory are both long-term projects, which is likely to put the contractor in unforeseeable exposure to market uncertainties. This protects the Government and contractor in the case of labor or material fluctuations in price. Therefore, a fixed price convention is inappropriate Advantages CPAF contacts are widely used as it results in better communication and enhances motivation to achieve a better contract performance. Evaluation and motivation flexibility is advantageous in instances that require cost-reimbursement contracts. Moreover, it encourages efficient communication between the parties. Hence, the approach is an effective management tool. The disadvantage with this mode of contract

Global Competitiveness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Competitiveness - Assignment Example Being competitive in respective career may translate to the company’s competitiveness and then to the country’s competitiveness globally as well. Definition Meredith and Shafer (2010) defined competitiveness in several ways. First, competitiveness is the firm or organization’s long term viability. Second, it may be contextually viewed as the current success of a firm in the marketplace measured by profitability and market share. Lastly, competitiveness of a nation may be seen in its aggregate success in all markets. Thus, global competitiveness is the current and aggregate success plus long term viability in the over-all market. According to the US President’s Council on Industrial Competitiveness (1985) and cited by Meredith and Shafer (2010), competitiveness for a nation is the degree in which it can produce goods and services that meet international standards while maintaining income of the citizens. Aspects considered under competitiveness globally inc lude operations, management, customer value and various strategies and approaches essential in the market (Meredith & Shafer, 2010). ... It is me giving the edge as a sales representative for the clients and the company as well. Global competitiveness is St Jude Medical offering products of high quality but with competitive price compared to similar health care products provided by other manufacturers not only in the US but also around the world. It would not be all about the monetary aspect but competitiveness globally would also include holistic development of the company. It is fulfilling St. Jude Medical’s mission of sustainability focus thereby having the opportunity to connect business processes and human capital in conjunction with economic growth, production of safe and reliable products, plus social and environmental responsibilities. Global Competitiveness in My Career As a sales representative of St. Jude Medical, global competitiveness means assuring customers of good quality products, constantly innovating and by having focus on the company’s core capabilities. These activities would not onl y make me competitively in terms of career but would also contribute to St Jude Medical’s competitiveness and also the country as well. First, customer satisfaction must always be guaranteed by having quality medical products and giving customers what they want. As stated by Kinaxis Corporation (2009), because of the internet and the social media as well, the customers are now more empowered to get what they want. Also, before offering the product, I must assure myself that the product conforms to certain standards like what Schonberger (n.d.) compiled as a list of multiple quality dimensions that customers associate with products (as cited by Meredith & Shafer, 2010).

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project Management - Assignment Example The parties involved hereto acting with appropriate authority by their related firms. [Client name]  [agency information  Company name Company name Full name Full name Title Title Signature Signature Date Date Assignment 2 An Invitation for Bid (IFB) is a request made when submitting a bid to provide certain services or goods in order to fulfill a bid that a firm has identified. RFP is converted to an IFB when there is a considering the lowest price in making an award. Moreover, it is usually done when the services and goods are fairly simple and also when the need is standard. In converting RFP to IFB requirements would need to be adjusted then the government and the contractors will submit their offers again. Moreover, the other evaluation factors that were in the RFP would be removed. Assignment 3 contracts and procurement (supply bid for popcorns) Submitted by: Milano Suppliers Ltd. Street City, State, Zip Type of Business: good suppliers Title of Proposal: bid to supply popc orn kernels Proposed Amount: 30cts per pound of kernel Period of Performance: over 5 years Business Point of Contact: Name Telephone No. e-mail address Our clients include: Name Telephone No. e-mail address Name Telephone No. e-mail address Name Telephone No. ... with—the submission of this data, Puffy Pop shall have the right to duplicate, use, or disclose the data to the extent provided in the resulting contract. This restriction does not limit Puffy Pop's right to use information contained in this data if it is obtained from another source without restriction. Assignment 4 contracts and procurement A fixed price contract will be effective for the order of a pencil manufacturer to produce 20 000 pencils. This is because the product can be explicitly defined as there is enough data to accurately calculate approximately the cost. Moreover, the requirement for the order is well defined and the contractors have vast experience in ensuring the order is met. Therefore, the financial risks are insignificant. Cost plus contracts will be effective in the other three contracts. In the construction of a 300-meter bridge a cost plus contract is suitable due the risks attached to it. The contract is characterized by uncertain labor hours and spec ulative material required in the construction of the bridge. The design of a circuit board and the small factory are both long-term projects, which is likely to put the contractor in unforeseeable exposure to market uncertainties. This protects the Government and contractor in the case of labor or material fluctuations in price. Therefore, a fixed price convention is inappropriate Advantages CPAF contacts are widely used as it results in better communication and enhances motivation to achieve a better contract performance. Evaluation and motivation flexibility is advantageous in instances that require cost-reimbursement contracts. Moreover, it encourages efficient communication between the parties. Hence, the approach is an effective management tool. The disadvantage with this mode of contract

Thinking Book Review Essay Example for Free

Thinking Book Review Essay Book Review:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The chapter speaks about personal barriers and the system of enculturation. Enculturation meaning the way we were raised up by our families, the culture, work and religion affecting us through the way we see things. Importantly, are the factors of acceptance in society and following those norms through your lifestyle.   The things you eat, drink, religious beliefs, violence and discrimination are all generated by enculturation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When people step aside from the conditions of enculturation, they become more aware of the teachings and the ideas of others. It creates a theme of having an open mind and of better understanding. If the individual would step aside from some of the things brought down by family and the environment it would disregard many of the misconceptions being spread and taught. If those who are unable to resist the process of enculturation tend to be fanatics instead of thinking things objectively on different social and ethical concerns. Critical Review:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall, the chapter allows one to reflect upon ourselves to see how culture, environment, and family affect us in many different ways. From the ideology to the way we treat people, we see others who think different than us as ignorant or blind but in actuality it is us who categorize and judge others based on our beliefs. Our own egos get in the way of learning and understanding other people or from experiences we would not have if it was not because of our own ideas. In the long run, we have to rationalize and understand that different ideas and personalities are what make us unique and learn to disagree or agree without regarding your personal emotions. We ourselves placed these personal barriers that as time pasts leads us to regret and stress.

Violence in Films | Analysis

Violence in Films | Analysis Violence is an important part of films in order to depict the sensational and explicit appeal. Films under the genre of gangster and war featured violence as the central theme of the film. The featuring of violence in these movies had to be accounted and was justified rationally. During the world war 11, Hollywood and the OWI made films were in American involvement in that war was justified and every concept or task undertaken by them in the film was made justifiable. The Americans were shown as duty bound officers performing their duties, righteous heroes who were fighting against oppression and dictatorship. Americans were considered the heros as they possessed the right stuff that made them first in their own place. Some of the ways the justification was made were that of 1. Thematic justification: in this, the theme of the movie or the background will show social disorder and loss of control in the country, and war is used as a way to bring peace and order to that country. thus violence is justified as it is bringing social order and resulting in a positive outcome. 2. Violence as a necessary part of patriotism : all soldiers of war are shown and praised as heroes in the movies. thus during the time of war, fighting was seen as a way of expressing your patriotism for your country and the violence involved in fighting was seen as necessary part of being patriotic. 3. Ideological justification: the USA justified the violence and killing in war by providing ideological excuses such as we fight for the right to be free, we fight for democracy etc. 4. War as a rite of passage: under this justification, the hero or the character will be shown as an irresponsible, carefree teenager who goes to war to fight and learns the lessons of life there. after fighting in battles, the boy comes back home as a wise and mature man. thus violence is playing the role of a teacher, transforming juvenile boys into responsible citizens. and thus, violence is justified. 5. Alienation and dehumanizing the enemy : here, the enemy is not seen as human and is portrayed as evil and monstrous and thus killing them is justified. 6. Portrayal of hatred with the Japanese and likeness with the Chinese: Though the Japanese and Chinese look alike, Hollywood films only show hatred toward the Japanese and not the Chinese. this bias could be because china became part of the allied forces and the USA saw the Chinese as friends in the war. 7. Oversimplified Dichotomy : a war is a result of many complex problems. there is good and bad in both sides in the war. thus, it becomes difficult to choose which side to support. but Hollywood war film would over simplify complex situation in to a simple choice between good and evil: showing the USA as good and the enemy as bad, thus forcing audiences to support the USA in the war. this is also a bias that can be observed in most war movies. The 3 Hollywood films selected by the subject to analyze and identify the presence of the above parameters of justifications are: Full metal jacket Saving private Ryan Inglorious Basterds __________________________________________________________ Film 1 FULL METAL JACKET Short Introduction: this movie was produced during the 1987s. Directed and written by Stanley Kubrick, it is an adaptation of the novel The short Timers. The film follows a team/unit of US Marines through their training and the experiences that the 2 marines of the team in the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War. The title of the movie refers to the full metal jacket bullet used by infantry riflemen. Analysis: The movie in its totality is astonishingly beautiful yet insane. It is an epic piece that shows the inglorious indignities of the war. There are numerous scenes that are violent and yet justified to be shown as per the thematic justification. In this, the theme of the movie or the background will show social disorder and loss of control in the country, and war is used as a way to bring peace and order to that country. Thus violence is justified as it is bringing social order and resulting in a positive outcome. There are numerous rape scenes, smoking, profanity, drug, nudity, intense explicit along with heavy gore violence. The movie tries to show that violence does not solve violence. Even though the absurd and explicit scenes throughout the movie depict portrayal of violence, the movie through these scenes tries to show the dark side of human behavior. Violence in the film can be seen when a couple of men are punched in the groin by the drill instructor. Also a man shooting his dri ll instructor in the chest, shows blood splattered all around the place, the shooting takes place due to the intense suffering and frustration they go through, followed by which he puts the gun in his own mouth and pulls the trigger. The movie in itself shows Violence as a necessary part of patriotism wherein in all soldiers of war are shown and praised as heroes in the movies. . The movie best captures the absurd dehumanization involved throughout the war and also through the training periods, endless pre battle waitings and the bloody cleanup after the violent war. The dialogues in the film also show the extent to which the opponents or the characters are verbally dehumanized through vulgarity and unspeakable racial dialogues. The movie depicts the dark side of human nature and dehumanization. There are themes of dehumanization and human evilness depicted throughout the movie through its gore violence. Full Metal jacket gives a chance to explore the dark side of human psyche and violent nature of humans. There is no limitation to the heroic play of ambition. War is considered as a platform to fight and show the manliness in one self. There is training to men who come from different background and socio economic status. Learning to fight is justifiable were in men fight to protect, be it from anything. This shows that fighting is considered manly, and going out to fight in the war is manliness. It is basically the rite of passage which shows the hero or the character will be shown as an irresponsible, carefree teenager who goes to war to fight and learns the lessons of life there. After fighting in battles, the boy comes back home as a wise and mature man. Thus violence is playing the role of a teacher, transforming juvenile boys into responsible citizens. And thus, violence is justified. The punch line of the movie in itself shows the characters (men) are born to kill ! This also in a way describes the Ideological justification involved in the film. Here the USA justified the violenc e and killing in war by providing ideological excuses such as we fight for the right to be free, we fight for democracy. Hence the war is justified by them as a reason to achieve something that they think is important. During the time of war, fighting was seen as a way of expressing your patriotism for your country and the violence involved in fighting was seen as necessary part of being patriotic. The intense violence in the film is thus justified in its portrayal and that it is a very important component to the film .The movie shows a lot of men dying. Be it from the opponents or the party themselves, a lot of bloodshed and yet fighting despite having lost every resources proves the patriotism involved. Fighting in the war is justified as fighting for the country. This itself shows killing and bloodshed is a part of their patriotism and right to fight for their concern. The intense bloodshed and negativity against the killers shows hatred against them and how killing them and plotting against them is justified. The movie makes us to think that there is a reason why this is happening and that the characters are doing what is right and what ought to be done. It is shown as good , the complexity in understanding the entire sphere to the film is simplified by just showing the character as superior, logical and having done something that is right and that needs to be justified whether one likes it or not . There is a sense of dichotomy involved. A war is a result of many complex problems. There is good and bad in both sides in the war. Thus, it becomes difficult to choose which side to support. But Hollywood war film would over simplify complex situation in to a simple choice between good and evil: showing the USA as good and the enemy as bad, thus forcing audiences to support the USA in the war. This is also a bias that can be observed in most war movies. ___________________________________________________________________________ Film 2 SAVING PRIVATE RYAN The movie is a screen play by Robert Rodat, and directed by the famous Steven Spielberg. It is an epic World War II objective story. Analysis: This movie is very intense, has incredible violence, brutality, messiness and dark side involved in it. The most intense parts of the film are the battle scenes. The movie is all about a group of American soldiers in World War II, who are being appointed to find, hunt and bring back Private James Ryan who is supposedly fighting somewhere in the French country side. Through the search the movie depicts the various incidents that the men appointed for the mission encounters, which also leads to death of many of the men. This shows that fighting for a cause is justifiable. Thus the USA justified the violence and killing in war by providing ideological excuses such as we fight for the right to be free, we fight for democracy we fight for a reason etc. Hence the plot in itself ideologically justified what is featured. The film throughout contains clips that depict infliction of pain and serious physical harm which are lengthy, frequent and very gory in nature. The most notable one is that of the one in the opening shot of the film. The shots starts of with the US forces landing on the Omaha Beach on the D day, which is realistic in terms of the horror of war, the injuries and fatalities involved then ,the scene lasts for 25 min. Every man in the film is depicted either dying or dead. The injuries inflicted are horrible in nature. The most memorable are the scenes that involves a man holding on to his arm that is blown off in a bomb blast, a man who is still alive on the ground with his entrails spilling out and also a scene were a solider is dragging another injured solider to the beach only to realize when he turns back that he is dragging the feet of the solider which is blown off in the blast. Hence the very depiction of violence in the movie is justified. Thus, the most interesting character in the film is the sniper played by Barry Pepper, who calls on God for strength in shooting the enemy. Thus the film throughout shows dead bodies, bloody everywhere, bodily part scattered and sometimes making the audience disgusted to look at the gruesome projection of the dead soldiers from both the parties. This explains the extent of violence and bodily violence and gore that is projected in the film, is somewhere justified as part of dehumanization and hatred against the enemy. The mission and the hunt throughout the film show the patriotism they have towards their country and men of higher order. Thus the violence involved in the mission and their patriotism that keeps them driving despite the violence is commendable. all soldiers of war are shown and praised as heroes in the movies. thus during the time of war, fighting was seen as a way of expressing your patriotism for your country and the violence involved in fighting was seen as necessary part of being patriotic. The movie shows how the men are trained for the war, and how the new entry/freshers struggle with the lifestyle involved and that fighting for the country and putting up with the violence is not an easy task .It is a mans thing and requires strength and determination. The patriotism and the extent to which men fight and give up their lives for the country and higher personnels shows how men mature over a period of time and fighting in the war is manliness and changes their way of looking at life. It is a passage of rite. The war in the movie is a result of many complex problems, along with the search mission. There is good and bad in both sides to the war. Thus, it becomes difficult to choose which side to support. But the Hollywood war film would over simplify complex situation in to a simple choice between good and evil: showing the USA as good and the enemy as bad, thus forcing audiences to support the USA in the war. This is also a bias that can be observed in most war movies. The film shows how USA s off to rescue one of their men and how justifiable they are in everything that happens or that they do throughout their journey. There is a sense of over simplifying the dichotomy. It is left to the audience to perceive the right or wrong, but the projection done by the USA gives a glance into how they justify everything they do ___________________________________________________________________________ Film 3 INGLORIOUS BASTERDS The film is one of the best known war movies, which full violence to it. The film is visually graphic in terms of the explicitly involved in it. Violence in the movie is part of the war and in the fight mission to kill Nazis. Hence violence is justified as part of the war. There are very intense scenes like in the beginning were people are shot through the floorboards, there is bloody mist and a girl running covered in blood. The strangulation, scalping of the Nazis, beating the Nazi with a bat and a baseball hitting and cutting of throat, and scalp of the head are some the extreme violence openly displayed in the film. This also shows to the extent that enemy is dehumanized and alienated, there are scenes that show the extent to which they are treated as non humans where in someone shoots in the face multiple times and the skin is lifted off the face, these torture techniques show how the enemy is dehumanized. Also towards the end, the symbol of the swastika is craved on to Waltzs f orehead, symbolizing evil. All this denotes/ communicates human tragedy dehuman. All this shows how violence is justified and how patriotic they are in accomplishing their task through any means. The movie in itself lists a lot of propaganda that is used to get their motives. Scenes where they show, Lieutenant Aldo Raine ,who assembles a special unit of Jewish-American soldiers to get to their mission, standing on a heap of dead bodies with pride, shows victory, war and killing as celebration and how creating social order can gain back control. He represents the macho man who has set out on a war and achieved the purpose and thus justifying war as a rite of passage. A sense of thematic justification is seen in the film. Eg:In the teaser, Pitt tells his troop that they are going do one thing and only one thing which is killing the Nazis. And he states that they are going to be cruel as this will show them who they are in real. He asks his troops under him to get him at least 100 scalps. The movie justifies the violence and killing in war by providing ideological excuses such as we fight for the right to be free, we fight for democracy etc. The extent of cruelty can be seen here. In order to kill the Nazis, any means to achieve social order or their motive and control is adopted. In this, the theme of the movie or the background will show social disorder and loss of control in the country, and war is used as a way to bring peace and order to that country. Thus violence is justified as it is bringing social order and resulting in a positive outcome. Violence and hatred is shown at its peak here. The protagonist takes pleasure in the violence that is being undertaken. The film glories Vengeance, revenge, disrespect to humanity in every shot. The movie oversimplifies the dichotomy by proving that they are out there to kill Nazis and they are justified in killing their enemies in the most brutal way. They put across this in a way wherein they are the superior power who knows what steps need to be undertaken and in what way. But they put it across as the right, good way of how they have fought it out. Hence leaving the audience dazed with choice of their own to react how they feel like to the extent of cruelty and brutality that the movie depicts.

Patient Safety and Risk Management Essay -- Health Care

Patient safety and risk management should be intertwined in the organization. Patient safety is where the patient does not experience unnecessary harm or pain or other suffering during their treatment (Youngberg, 2011). Minimizing risk is to decrease unnecessary losses or improve or implement process that will decrease adverse event (Youngberg, 2011). The Samantha Jones adverse event is a perfect example to enhance patient safety through improved process or project. To understand the event a root analysis needs to be done and action items are created from this analysis. Taking time to conduct a proper analysis of the cause eliminates a premature conclusion that may lead to inadequate corrective actions (William, 2008). A root analysis is a systematic approach to collect information that may identify and evaluate hazards and risks (Williams, 2008). The root analysis provides a starting point on areas that may need changing. There are three areas to a root cause analysis of the adverse event which can enable the investigator to; 1) isolate the circumstances that increased the risk of an accident or incident from occurring; 2) determine who or what was involved in the situation; and (3) assess whether the facility might have control over the causes of the event (William, 2008). Using a report outline can help gather information consistency and completeness (Williams, 2008). The outline below evaluates the Samantha Jones adverse event. 1. Policy or Process (system) in Which the Event Occurred: a. The policy or process did not confirm the correct patient i. Nurses did not feel that they could voice their opinion about a proper time out b. Time out was not conducted thoroughly 2. Human Resources (factors and issues) a. No... ...004). Root cause analysis applied to the investigation of serious untoward incidents in mental health services Retrieved from. http://pb.rcpsych.org/content/28/3/75. Parker, D. (2008). Managing risk in healthcare: understanding your safety culture using the Manchester Patient Safety Framework (MaPSaF) Journal of Nursing Management; Mar2009, Vol. 17 Issue 2, p218-222. Ransom, E. R., Joshi, M. S., Nash, D. B., & Ransom, S. B. (2008). The healthcare quality book. (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press. Rooney, J.J. & Vanden Heuvel, L. N. (2004) Root Cause Analysis for Beginners. Retrieved from. https://servicelink.pinnacol.com/pinnacol_docs/lp/cdrom_web/safety/management/accident_investigation/Root_Cause.pdf Williams, L. (2008) The value of a root cause analysis. Long-Term Living: For the Continuing Care Professional, Nov2008, Vol. 57 Is

How to Avoid Plagiarism Essay -- Plagiarism Essays

Plagiarism, conventionally defined as literary theft, is the stealing and replication of the original ideas of another person without requesting for consent or crediting the author of a recorded or authored work (Heath 4). It may take several forms, for example, presenting an idea as original even though it has been derived from an existing source, or even neglecting to put quotation marks when quoting a sentence from borrowed work. In as much as plagiarism is widely regarded as a bad practice, it is at times committed unintentionally. As a result, there is an anti-plagiarism policy in several academic institutions and heavy penalties are imposed on individuals involved in plagiarism. In my own view, failure to acknowledge or recognize the author of the original work is a dishonorable practice. Students who plagiarize published work are seen to be too lazy to do their own research work and properly grasp the concepts they are researching. Others are used to waiting till the last hour to start their work, increasing the chances of copying information. Most students perceive reading and research as a waste of time and consider some new information to be extremely difficult to understand (Heath 5). Teachers and lecturers who entertain plagiarism produce students with outstanding grades but very poor knowledge and understanding in their field of study (Bhanot, Fallows 173). Plagiarism normally makes an individual loose reliability and integrity in the eyes of the administration, hence getting leadership positions or institutional scholarships are out of the question. Plagiarism is seen as a severe contravention of normal scholarly conduct, necessitating colleges and universities in the US and UK to establish eit... ... of the tools are commercialized while others are offered for free to researchers. In order to properly learn more about plagiarism, it is important to appreciate the process of distribution and creation of ideas in the university. All knowledge is developed from preceding knowledge. As we read, revise, execute, research, and collect perspectives, we are building on other people’s thoughts. While drawing on other peoples thoughts and ideas, we manage to develop our own. In this base therefore, students should not shy away from using the work of others. Instead, they should learn how to avoid plagiarism. Works Cited Lin, Tan (2009). HEATH. Zasterle. Bhanot, Rakesh., Fallows, Stephen. Quality Issues in ICT-based Higher Education (SEDA Series) Routledge, 2005. Marsh, Bill. Plagiarism: Alchemy and Remedy in Higher Education. Albany, SUNY Press, 2007.

Age of Imperialism

Imperialism (1850~1914) * Imperial refers to * Empire * Royalty * Extending powers * Age of Imperialism  (http://www. smplanet. com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1) * Main Events * 1823 –  Monroe Doctrine reflected special U. S. interest in Americas * 1850 –  European trading with Africa becomes well established * 1852 –  Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon) proclaimed himself emperor of France * 1869  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Suez Canal opens (Egypt) 1871  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Bismark completed unification of German Empire * 1884~1885  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Berlin Congress sets rules for African colonization * 1898 * United States acquired Philippines, annexed Hawaii * United States won Spanish-American War * 1899  Boer War began in South Africa * 1910 –  Mexican Revolution began * 1914 * Most of Africa is under European control * World War I began * 1918  World War I ended Industrialism  Imperialism  Nationalism Industrialism * Profit maximization England – Factory s ystem * Resources from colonies * Mass production goods = sell & export to the colonies * Profit maximization * Industrialization stirred ambitions in many European countries * Competed new markets for own goods * Saw Africa as a source for materials and a market * Colonial power seized lots of areas in Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries * Imperialism * Colonization * World market * England as the world power in the 1820s. * Power – World standing â€Å"the sun never sets on the England Empire† * Usually through military might and sometimes economics * Seizure of a territory by a stronger country * * Throughout out most Africa, stronger countries dominated in many areas * * Europeans ignored the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states * * African nations continue to fell the effects of the colonial presence more than 100 years later * Europeans established colonies. * 1823  Monroe Doctrine A reaction to the independence Latin America+ Mexico +Central America    * * After 1823, only Bolivia is still under spanish control * It warned European nations that continuing to be in the Americas is going to be seen as an act of aggression    * Claimed to help the Latin Americas, but it actually restrained and threatened them to follow rules from the United States * The United States  had the right to intervene problems in the western hemisphere * White Man's Burden * Nationalism and social Darwinism Racist patronizing that preached that â€Å"superior† Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to â€Å"uncivilized† people in other pars of the world   * Germany and Russia especially used imperialistic drives to divert popular attention from the class struggle at home and to create a false sense of national unity. Causes of Imperialism * Nationalism * British colonized Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland * Colonists wanted their freedom (1800s) * To gain power, European nations compete for coloni es and trade * European Migration Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million people left Europe * Migrants went primarily to European inhabited areas * North and South America * Australia * New Zealand * Siberia * European migration provided further impetus for Western expansion (Westernization) * More were poor from rural areas, though seldom from the poorest classes (due to oppressive land policies) * Economic Competition * Search for new markets and raw materials * Missionary works * more successful in African and Asian areas Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world * New military and naval bases to protect one's interests against other European powers * British concerned by French and German land grabs in 1880s * might seal off their empires with high tariffs and restrictions * future economic opportunities might be lost * Increases tensions between the â€Å"haves† (British Empire) and the â€Å"have nots† (Germany & Italy) who cam e in latte to the Imperialist * Dr. David Livingston 1st white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa Old & New Imperialism * Europe's influence continued to expand in the 19th century, and for all the same old reasons * European imperialism became global in nature, with Britain the world leader (â€Å"The sun never sets on the British Empire†) * Contradictory: Many European nations explored nationalism, liberalism†¦Ã‚   * Old Imperialism * 15th ~ 16th century * Didn't penetrate into Africa or Asia * No substantial influences on lives of people European powers did not usually acquire territory except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil, but rather built a series of trading stations * Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, china, Japan, Indonesia, another areas where trade flourished between locals and european coastal trading centers * New Imperialism * A policy in which one country seeks to extend its auth ority by conquering other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries. European nations conquers with armies * New military and naval bases to protect their interest * Raising taxes to restrain land grab * 18th ~ 19th century * Influences over economic, political and socials lives of people * People were used to benefit the European   economies * Forms of Imperialism * Colony * A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power * Protectorate * A country of territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power * Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges * Economic Imperialism * An independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interest tauter than other governments   Imperial Management Methods * Indirect Control * Local government officials used * Limited self-rule * Develop future leaders * Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules * Direct Control * Foreign officials brought in to rule * No self-rule Paternalism – Europeans governed people in a parietal way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights * Assimilation – based on the idea that in time, the local populations would adopt French culture and become like the French * Government institutions are based only on European style * Legacy of Colonial Rule * Positive * Colonization * Europeans control lands and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America * Reduced local warfare (variety in ethnic groups) * Humanitarians provided schools and hospitals (better living conditions) * Colonial Economics Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies * African products came to be valued on international market * Christianization * Christianity spreads to Africa, India and Asia * Negative * Africa lost its independence and its land * Contempt for the traditional culture and admiration of European life undermined stable societies and caused identity problems for Africans * Division of African continent * created problems that plagued African colonies during European occupation Africa 1880  Europeans controlled 10% of Africa (mainly on the coast) * Scramble for African Territory because of the discoveries of diamonds in South Africa * By 1914  Europeans controlled all Africa  except Liberia and Ethiopia * late 1860s  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Congo Sparks Interest * David Livingstone traveled with a group of Africans to central Africa to promote Christianity * 1871  Henry Stanley  found Livingston (whom westerners thought to be dead) * his newspaper reports created European interest in Africa * Stanley sought aid of king of Belgium to dominate the Congo region. 1879 ~ 1882  Ã‚  Stanley signed treaties with local chief of the Congo River Valley * Gave King Leopold II of Belgium the control of these lands * He claimed that his moti ve in establishing colony was to abolish the slavery and promote Christianity * But he exploited Africans brutally (collect sap from rubber plants) * At least 10 million Congolese died due to his abuses * 1908  Belgian Government took over power of the colony * Belgian Congo (80 times larger than Belgium) This action alarmed France * Soon Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain claimed parts of Africa * Berlin Conference * 1884~1885 * 14 European Nations established the â€Å"rules† for conquest of Africa * PAPER PARTITION * Sponsored by Bismarck & Jules Ferry * Sought to precent conflict over imperialism * Coincided with German's rise as an imperial power * Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa * No African rulers were invited to attend these meetings * Factors promoting Imperialism in Africa European technical superiority * 1884  Maxim Gun (world's 1st auto machine gun) * Invention of steam-boat, made it easy to travel (for Europeans) * Susceptible to mal aria (disease carries by dense swarms of mosquitoes in Africa's interior * 1829  perfection of drug protected Europeans from malaria * Various languages and cultures in Africa * Discouraged the unity in Africa * Africans, Dutch and British  Clashed over South Africa for resources and lands * Zulus & British * 1816  Shaka, a Zulu chief created a large centralized state by isciplined warriors and good military organization * 1879  Zulu king Cetshwayo refused to dismiss the Zulu army * Not accepting British Rules * British invaded Zulu nation * July 1879  Battle of Ulundi * The Zulus lost the Battle and their Kingdom * 1887  Under British control * Boers & British in Cape * 1st Europeans settle in South Africa were the Dutch * 1625  Dutch came to the Cape of Good Hope * established way station for sailing between Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands * Those Dutch settlers were known as the  Boers 1880s  British took over the Cape Colony PERMANENTLY   * Boers clashe d over British policy (land & slaves) * 1830s  Great Trek * Boers moved to North in order to escape the British African Colonization & Independence * 1884  Western leaders met to divide Africa into colonial holdings * 1914  nearly all of Africa is under European controls * European imperial powers set national borders in Afirca without regard for local ethnic or political divisions 1898 Fashoda Incident * France & Britain nearly went to war over Sudan France backed down in the face of the Dreyfus Affair * Wanted to connect Cape to Cairo by railroads 1899 ~ 1902 The Boer War (South Africa War) * Boers blamed British bringing the â€Å"outsiders† into Africa (for minerals†¦ diamonds and gold) * 1st modern â€Å"total† war * British countered by burning Boer lands and imprisoning women and children * Black South Africans were involved in the war * British won * 1910  Boer republics joined Union of South Africa, which was controlled by the British * Cecil Rhod es * Prime Minister of Cape Colony Principal sponsor of the Cape-to-Cairo (British wanted to control over the continent) * Rhodes wanted to extend his influence there after the diamonds and gold were discovered in the Transvaal but rein controlled by Boers (Dutch settlers) * Kruger Telegram (1902) * Kaiser Wilhelm II (starter of WWI) * Congratulated Boers on defeating British invaders without need of German assistance * Anger swept through Britain and targeted at Germany Asia 1898 Spanish-American War * Mid-1890s  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the United States had developed substantial business holdings in Cuba. It had an economic stake in the fate of the country. * Objected to the Spanish brutality. * Helped Cuban war for independence. * Lasted about four months. * U. S. forces launched their first attack not on Cuba but on the Philippine Islands   * Unprepared for a war on two fronts, the Spanish military quickly collapsed. * U. S. defeated Spain (took Philippines, Guam, Hawaii & Cuba) * 1901   – Cuba became an independent nation * BUT United States installed a military government and continued to exert control over Cuban affairs. -; caused tensions * American had become the dominate imperial power in Latin America 1898 ~ 1901 Boxer Rebellion * Anti-foreign pro to nationalist movement by the Righteous Harmony in China * Took place against a background of serious drought and economic disruption in response to foreign influence * Opposing Imperialism and Christianity from the foreigners * June 20th  A German minister stationed in China (Klemens Freiferr von Kettler) represented various countries' going zongli yamen and demanded protection, is ambushed by the clear soldier on the way * Led to war 904 ~ 1905 Russo-Japanese War * Sino-Japanese War * Japanese Victory, China lost Manchuria * 1903  They had a war over Manchuria * Japan claimed they will recognize the right of Russian in Manchuria if Russian stayed out of Korea. Russian refused * Japan launched a surpris e attaching on Russian ships at Manchuria, which this action resulted in Russo-Japanese War